What physical principle explains the behavior of high-energy photons when they interact with matter?

The behavior of high-energy photons when interacting with matter is best explained by wave-particle duality. This principle states that particles like photons exhibit properties of both waves and particles. High-energy photons, such as X-rays or gamma rays, can sometimes behave like particles, exhibiting behaviors such as traveling through space until they interact with matter.

When these photons collide with matter, they can impart energy and momentum to electrons in atoms, resulting in various effects, including the emission of electrons or other types of radiation. The concept of wave-particle duality allows for a comprehensive understanding of this interaction since it acknowledges the dual characteristics of photons. High-energy photons can be viewed as waves when they propagate through space, yet when they interact with matter, their particle-like properties become apparent, leading to effects like ionization.

The other principles listed do not specifically address the unique interactions of high-energy photons with matter. For instance, conservation of energy is a broader concept that applies to all physical processes rather than particularly to photon behavior. Electromagnetic induction relates to the generation of electromotive force through changing magnetic fields and does not specifically cover the interaction of photons with matter. The photoelectric effect describes one specific interaction involving photons and electrons, particularly in the emission of electrons when photons